Development Characteristics and Development Conditions of CNC Machine Tools in the World
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It has already become the focus of the world's machine tool manufacturers competing to showcase advanced technologies, compete for users and expand the market at the four international machine tool exhibitions. After China's accession to the WTO, it officially participated in fierce competition in the world market. How to strengthen the strength of the machine tool industry and accelerate the development of the CNC machine tool industry in the future is an urgent and arduous task.
Technical characteristics and development conditions of CNC machine tools
In 1948, the US Air Force Department provided equipment research and development funds for the manufacture of aircraft miscellaneous parts. G&L Company and MIT cooperated in research for four years. In 1952, the world's first CNC milling machine was produced and 100 units were immediately delivered for military use. In terms of results, it shows that it is the crystallization of social needs, technology level, and personnel quality; in terms of technology, it shows great innovation in the control of mechatronics machine tools.
Technical characteristics of CNC machine tools
CNC machine tools have the following three prominent features:
Using binary math input, the machining process can be programmed arbitrarily. The spindle and feed speed can be changed according to the processing needs, and multi-coordinate linkage can be realized, and the miscellaneous surface can be easily processed. For the processing object has the characteristics of "variable, changeable, and changeable", it is convenient to change batches, and it can realize flexible production of small and medium-sized batches of miscellaneous pieces, and adapt to the needs of society for product diversification. But the price is more expensive, and it is necessary to correctly analyze the economic rationality of its use;
The combination of hardware and software can realize the functions of information feedback, compensation, automatic acceleration and deceleration, etc., which can further improve the machining accuracy, efficiency and automation of the machine tool;
It is an electromechanical integrated machine tool based on electronic control, which gives full play to the unique advantages of microelectronics and computer technology. It is easy to realize informationization, intelligence and networking, and can easily form various advanced manufacturing systems, such as FMS and FTL. , FA, and even future CIMS, can maximize industrial productivity and labor productivity.
Conditions for the development of CNC machine tools
Everything has its own characteristics and development conditions, and people can accelerate its development after mastering it. The development conditions of CNC machine tools mainly include:
It is a comprehensive combination of various high-tech machines, electricity, liquid, gas and light. It is based on modern advanced technologies such as electronics and computers. It must have a solid technical foundation and complement each other. If it is not complete, CNC machine tools are difficult to develop smoothly;
The CNC machine tool is composed of three parts: the main machine, various components (functional components) and CNC system. It also needs advanced automatic tool matching to realize the processing. All the links must be technically and qualitatively ensured to ensure reliable operation. Stable, in order to ensure the accuracy, efficiency and automation of CNC machine tools, otherwise, it is difficult to use in production practice; it is a combination of social needs, technology level and personnel quality, the lack of one.
If the quality of personnel is poor and the level of science and technology is not up to standard, it will be difficult to meet social needs. People are the main body of all activities, and they need all kinds of experts, talents and skilled workers who are proficient in business, and cooperate with each other to complete. Otherwise, CNC machine tools are difficult to develop smoothly.
The main experience of developing CNC machine tools in industrialized countries
The 50 years since the emergence of CNC machine tools have continued to develop with the advancement of technology, especially microelectronics and computer technology. The United States, Germany and Japan are the countries with the most advanced technology and experience in the research, design, manufacture and use of CNC machine tools. Because of their different social conditions, each has its own characteristics.
The United States is characterized by the government's emphasis on the machine tool industry. The US Department of Defense and other departments are constantly proposing the development direction of machine tools, scientific research tasks, and providing sufficient funds, and recruiting talents from around the world, paying particular attention to "efficiency" and "innovation" and focusing on basic scientific research.
Therefore, it constantly innovates in machine tool technology, such as the development of the world's first CNC machine tool in 1952, the creation of a machining center in 1958, the development of FMS in the early 1970s, and the opening of an open CNC system in 1987. Since the United States firstly combined the production requirements of automobiles and bearings, it has fully developed a large number of automatic lines required for production automation, and the electronics and computer technology are leading in the world. Therefore, the design, manufacturing and numerical control system of the CNC machine tools are solid and consistent. Scientific research and innovation, so its high-performance CNC machine technology has also been leading the world.
In the United States today, not only high-performance CNC machine tools used in aerospace, but also cheap and practical CNC machine tools (such as Haas, Fadal, etc.) are produced for small and medium-sized enterprises. The lesson of its existence is that it focuses on basic scientific research and neglects applied technology. In the 1980s, the government once relaxed its guidance, resulting in a slow increase in the output of CNC machine tools. In 1982, it was surpassed by Japan and imported a large amount. Since the 1990s, the past bias has been corrected, and the numerical control machine tool technology has turned to practical use, and the output has gradually increased.
The German government has always attached importance to the important strategic position of the machine tool industry and has been vigorously supported in many aspects. Special attention is paid to "actual" and "effectiveness", and "people-oriented" is adhered to, and the quality of personnel is continuously improved. On the basis of the development of a large number of large-scale production automation, after the development of the first CNC machine tool in 1956, it has always insisted on seeking truth from facts, stressing the scientific spirit and steadily advancing.
Germany pays special attention to scientific experiments, combining theory with practice, and paying equal attention to basic scientific research and applied technology research. The company cooperates closely with the university research department to conduct in-depth research on the commonality and characteristics of the user's products, processing technology, machine tool layout structure, CNC machine tools, and strive for excellence in quality. The quality and performance of CNC machine tools in Germany are good, advanced and practical, and they are genuine and exportable all over the world.
Especially large, heavy, precision CNC machine tools. Germany pays special attention to the advanced and practical use of CNC machine tools and accessories. Its machine, electricity, liquid, gas, light, tool, measurement, CNC system and various functional components are among the best in the world in terms of quality and performance. For example, the CNC system of Siemens and the precision gratings of Heidenhain are world-renowned and competing.
The Japanese government attaches great importance to the development of the machine tool industry, and guides development through planning and regulations (such as "machine vibration method", "electromechanical law", "machine letter method", etc.). Studying Germany in terms of talents and machine tool components, learning the United States in quality management and CNC machine technology, even out of blue and better than blue.
Japan is similar to the United States and Germany, fully developing a large number of large-scale production automation, and then fully develop small and medium-sized batches of flexible production automation CNC machine tools. Since the first CNC machine tool was developed in 1958, the output in 1978 (7,342 units) surpassed that of the United States (5,688 units). The output and export volume have been ranked first in the world (46,604 units in 2001 and 27,409 units, accounting for 59%). . The strategy is to imitate the latter, and the mid-range CNC machine tools with large and wide output are exported in large quantities, occupying the vast market in the world.
In the 1980s, further research was strengthened to develop high-performance CNC machine tools. In terms of strategy, first of all, by studying American Total Quality Management (TQC), it becomes a conscious group activity of employees and guarantees product quality. In order to accelerate the development of electronic and computer technology, it has entered the forefront of the world and opened the way for the development of mechatronics CNC machine tools. In the process of developing CNC machine tools, Japan has seized the key and highlighted the development of CNC systems.
Japan FANUC company's strategy is correct, the combination of imitation and innovation, targeted development of the market needs a variety of low-end high-end CNC systems, leading in technology, ranking first in the world in terms of output. The company has 3,674 employees, more than 600 researchers, and 7,000 sets of monthly production capacity. Sales account for 50% of the world market and 70% of domestic sales. It has greatly promoted the development of CNC machine tools in Japan and the world. effect.
The main problems in the current situation and development of CNC machine tools in China
Current status of CNC machine tools
At present, China's machine tool industry factory is crowded. In 2000, there were about 358 (206,000) Jinping machine tool factories and 191 forming machine tool factories (about 65,000 people), a total of 549 (271,000 people). Among them, about 150 CNC cutting machines are produced, and about 30 CNC forming machine tools are produced, totaling about 180, accounting for 1/3 of the total number of manufacturers. In 2001, the output of gold cutting machine tools was 192,000, and the number of CNC cutting machines was 17,521. About 9%.
In general: the output of CNC machine tools continues to increase, in 2001 it was 3.6 times that of 1991; the import volume increased rapidly, reaching 29 times, and the export volume increased, but the number was smaller, 4.8 times; the consumption of CNC machine tools increased. Faster, up to 7.9 times. Production cannot meet the needs of social development.
In terms of the amount, in 2001, CNC machine tools imported 17,679 units, counting 1.41 billion US dollars, and exported 2,509 units, accounting for USD 44 million. The import value was 32 times of the export value. Large imports and small exports.
The main problems in the development of CNC machine tools in China
China developed the first CNC machine tool in 1958, and the development process can be roughly divided into two major stages. It was the first stage between 1958 and 1979, and the second stage from 1979 to the present. In the first stage, there was a lack of understanding of the characteristics and development conditions of CNC machine tools. In the case of poor personnel quality, weak foundation, and lack of supporting parts, the situation has gone up one after another. Good, can't be used for production and pause.
The main problem is that it is blind and lacks the scientific spirit of seeking truth from facts. In the second stage, we introduced CNC system technology from Japan, Germany, the United States and Spain, and introduced CNC machine tools from 11 countries (regions) in Japan, the United States, Germany, Italy, Britain, France, Switzerland, Hungary, Austria, South Korea and Taiwan. Advanced technology and cooperation, joint venture production, to solve the problem of reliability and stability, CNC machine tools began to formally produce and use, and gradually move forward.
In the past 20 years, the design and manufacturing technology of CNC machine tools has been greatly improved, mainly in three aspects: training a group of talents in design, manufacture, use and maintenance; through cooperation in the production of advanced CNC machine tools, design, manufacture and use The level has been greatly improved, and the gap with the world's advanced technology has been narrowed. By using foreign advanced components and CNC systems, it is possible to design and manufacture high-speed, high-performance, five- or five-axis CNC machining tools for the domestic market. Demand, but the testing, digestion, mastery and innovation of key technologies are poor.
So far, many important functional components, automated tools, and numerical control systems rely on foreign technology support, and cannot be developed independently. They are basically in the stage of development from imitation to self-development, and the level of CNC machine tools in Japan is very different. The main problems include: lack of guidance like Japan's "electromechanical law" and "machine letter law"; serious lack of experts and skilled workers in all aspects; lack of in-depth systematic research work; component and CNC system are not matched; Lack of cooperation with professionals, basically fighting alone, although the factory is crowded, but can not form a joint force.
China accelerates the development of CNC machine tool industry
In the future, China will accelerate the development of the CNC machine tool industry. It is necessary to thoroughly summarize the past experiences and lessons, improve the existing problems, and earnestly study the advanced experience of foreign countries and move forward along the right path. It is recommended to do the following:
The Chinese factory is crowded with people, and it is extremely necessary to have a correct policy and policy to provide a strong guide to the development of CNC machine tools. We should learn from the experience of the United States, Germany, and Japan. The government attaches great importance to it, makes correct decisions, and vigorously supports it. In terms of policies and policies, we should pay attention to the scientific spirit and economic effectiveness, and focus on improving productivity and labor productivity. In terms of methods, in-depth users, proficient in technology, low-middle-grade and high-end, learning Japan, first solve a large and wide range of mid-range CNC machine tools, mass production, occupy the market, reduce imports, expand exports.
In the steps and measures, it is necessary to make the domestic CNC system advanced and reliable, pay close attention to product quality and supporting parts, and lay a good technical foundation. In the near future, we will focus on laying the foundation, establishing credibility, expanding the domestic market share of domestic CNC machine tools, and seeking to catch up with the world's advanced level in the long run and stride to the world market.
We must pay close attention to the fundamentals, adhere to the "people-oriented", accelerate the improvement of personnel quality, cultivate various expert talents, and fundamentally change the current inefficient and backward state. People are the foundation of success or failure in all undertakings. At all levels, we must attach importance to "cultivating talents, selecting talents, and using talents", establishing learning-oriented enterprises, establishing corporate culture, accelerating the cultivation of new people, training in-service personnel, establishing a system of mentoring and apprenticeship, and organizing various Technical lectures, training courses and symposiums, and even hired foreign experts, consultants, etc., to try to improve the numerical control.
The Investment Research Institute of the State Development Planning Commission predicts that during the 10th Five-Year Plan period, the total investment in fixed assets in China will reach 22 trillion yuan, with an average annual growth rate of 37%. Inferred from the interaction between fixed asset investment and machinery market consumption in the past, during the 10th Five-Year Plan period, the business opportunities borne by China's machinery market amounted to 3 to 40 billion yuan.
According to forecasts, until 2010:
300 machinery manufacturers will carry out technical transformation, and the number of CNC machine tools purchased is very impressive;
At present, there are 17,000 mold factories in China, with an annual output value of about 22 billion yuan. It is estimated that the output value will reach 46 billion yuan by 2005. The required machinery is biased towards high precision, high efficiency, high speed milling equipment, virtual axis machine tools, and composites. Processing machines and slow wire cutting machines. The decline in the market share of domestic CNC machine tools is about to turn.
With the development of science and technology in the world and the development of the machine tool industry, CNC machine tools, as the mainstream products of the machine tool industry, have become the key equipment for realizing the modernization of the equipment manufacturing industry and the strategic material for the development of national defense military equipment. The possession of CNC machine tools and the level of performance are important indicators for measuring the comprehensive strength of a country. Accelerating the development of CNC machine tool industry is also a realistic requirement for the development of China's equipment manufacturing industry.
According to the survey conducted by the China Machine Tool & Tool Industry Association, the aerospace and defense industry require large-scale, high-speed, precision, multi-axis, high-efficiency CNC machine tools; automotive, motorcycle, and home appliance manufacturing industries require high efficiency, high reliability, and high automation. CNC machine tools and complete sets of flexible production lines; power station equipment, shipbuilding, metallurgical petrochemical equipment, rail transit equipment manufacturing demand for high-precision, heavy-duty CNC machine tools; IT industry, bioengineering and other high-tech industries demand nano-scale sub-micron ultra-precision machining CNC machine tools; industrial upgrading of traditional manufacturing industries such as construction machinery and agricultural machinery, especially the vigorous development of private enterprises, require a large number of CNC machine tools for equipment.
At present, the number and variety of CNC machine tools in China cannot fully meet the needs of the domestic market. According to Wu Bolin (pictured right), the Director General of China Machine Tool Industry Association, the draft of the National Special Plan for CNC Machine Tool Industry Development has been completed and is being revised by the National Development and Reform Commission. After the revision is completed, it will be reported to the State Council for review and approval. Then officially implemented.
It is understood that after the implementation of the "Planning", the problem of the industrialization of CNC machine tools and the low level of independent development of the machine tool industry in China will be solved to a certain extent. The domestic market share of domestic CNC machine tools will be reversed year after year.
National policy to support the construction of CNC machine tool industrialization base
According to the "Planning", in the next five years, the machine tool industry will create 20 CNC machine tool industrialization bases and 10 basic functional parts industrial bases for them. Base enterprises will enjoy national policies and financial support.